The north pole is repelled by north poles of other magnets and attracted to south poles. A magnet has two poles that repel like poles and attract opposite poles.Magnets attract ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials and can turn them into magnets.There is a magnetic field surrounding a magnet.Magnets form when ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic materials are exposed to an electromagnetic field. There are other types of magnetism, too, including superparamagnetism, metamagnetism, and spin glass. Like ferromagnets, ferrimagnets are attracted to magnets. Ferrimagnetism occurs in magnetite and other ferrites. The lattice arrangement of the material makes the magnetic moment pointing in one direction stronger than that pointing in the other direction. Antiferromagnetism is seen in transition metal compounds, such as hematite, iron manganese, and nickel oxide.įerrimagnetism: Like ferromagnets, ferrimagnets retain magnetization when removed from a magnetic field but neighboring pairs of electron spins point in opposite directions. The result is no net magnetic moment or magnetic field. Examples of ferromagnetic materials include iron, cobalt, nickel, alloys of these metals, some rare earth alloys, and some manganese alloys.Īntiferromagnetism: In contrast to ferromagnets, the intrinsic magnetic moments of valence electrons in an antiferromagnet point in opposite directions (anti-parallel). A ferromagnet has unpaired electrons, plus the magnetic moments of the electrons tend to remain aligned even when removed from a magnetic field. Examples of paramagnetic materials include magnesium, molybdenum, lithium, and tantalum.įerromagnetism: Ferromagnetic materials can form permanent magnets and are attracted to magnets. In a magnetic field, the magnetic moments align and are magnetized in the direction of the applied field, reinforcing it. The unpaired electrons are free to align their magnetic moments. Paramagnetism: In a paramagnetic material, there are unpaired electrons. Examples of diamagnetic materials include gold, quartz, water, copper, and air. In a magnetic field, diamagnetic materials are weakly magnetized in the opposite direction of the applied field. When electrons pairs are present, their "spin" magnetic moments cancel each other out. However, other types of magnetism can be stronger than diamagnetism, so it is only observed in materials that contain no unpaired electrons. The main types of magnetism are:ĭiamagnetism: All materials display diamagnetism, which is the tendency to be repelled by a magnetic field. Magnetism may be classified according to its cause and behavior. Increasing temperature increases random thermal motion, making it harder for electrons to align, and typically decreasing the strength of a magnet. The electron configuration can cause magnetic moments to cancel each other out (making the material less magnetic) or align (making it more magnetic). All materials exhibit magnetism but magnetic behavior depends on the electron configuration of the atoms and the temperature.
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